I see where you're trying to go with this Peter and it breaks a few rules of how SQL will. SQL Server 2005 Compact Edition SQL. SQL Server CE. Besm 3Rd Edition Monsters Vs Aliens. - Sql Effects Clarity Ce Edition Peters; - Download Autocad 2007 Full Crack Sinhvienit Net.
Microsoft codenames are given by to products it has in development, before these products are given the names by which they appear on store shelves. Many of these products (new versions of in particular) are of major significance to the community, and so the terms are often widely used in discussions prior to the official release. Microsoft usually does not announce a final name until shortly before the product is publicly available.
It is not uncommon for Microsoft to reuse a few years after a previous usage has been abandoned. There has been some suggestion that Microsoft may move towards defining the real name of their upcoming products earlier in the product development lifecycle so as to avoid needing product codenames.
This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) Codename Final name Notes Ref SQLNT 4.21 SQL95 SQL Server 6.0 Hydra SQL Server 6.5 Sphinx SQL Server 7.0 Plato 7.0 'OLAP Services' was later renamed Shiloh SQL Server 2000 Version 8 Rosetta in SQL Server 2000 Yukon SQL Server 2005 Version 9 Picasso in SQL Server 2005 Katmai / Akadia SQL Server 2008 Version 10 Kilimanjaro SQL Server 2008 R2 Version 10.5 Blue SQL Server 2008 Report Designer 2.0 This is the standalone release of the tool for. It must not be confused with Report Builder 2.0. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
(January 2016) Codename Final name Notes Ref Clarity (LINQ) LINQ Language extensions to expose query syntax natively to languages such as and C# D M Modelling language Jakarta Microsoft Design language A -based Others Codename Final name Notes Ref Godot Named after the play (centered around the endless wait for a man named 'Godot' who never comes), because it was felt to be long overdue. N/A A developer toolset for building multi-tier web applications Project Centennial Desktop App Converter Allows developers to re-package existing desktop apps into the format of and sell them in. Gaming hardware Codename Preliminary name(s) Final name Notes Ref DirectX Box Natal Motion sensitive control system. Xenon Xbox 2 Durango Successor to Xbox 360 Scorpio Upgrade to Xbox One, announced in 2016.
Announced to have 6 GPU and 8-core CPU. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) Codename Preliminary name Final name Notes Ref Albany Microsoft Equipt Microsoft's all-in-one, subscription-based service for office, communication, and security software Bandit 1.0 Microsoft's first Budapest Microsoft Office Communicator Web Access 2005 Bullet 3.0 Microsoft's first -based email product written in-house Cirrus 1.0 CRM V1.0, Tsunami 1.0 The platform was initially codenamed Tsunami, but once the decision was made to make it an actual product it was just changed to the initials as the initials were enough of a codename. Danube Phase I 1.2 Danube Phase II 3 Kilimanjaro Titan 4 Was originally Kilimanjaro but changed to Titan, as Kilimanjaro was too difficult to spell Deco Greenwich Real-Time Communications Server 2003 2003 Istanbul Maestro Microsoft Office Business Scorecard Manager 2005 Opus v1.0 for Windows 2.x Oslo Microsoft BizTalk Server SOA, SQL Server Modeling CTP N/A Set of (SOA) technologies Ren, Stimpy Wren 'Stimpy' was merged into 'Ren', which later became 'Wren'.
'Ren' and 'Stimpy' are references to, characters of an American animated television series. 'Wren', a homophone of 'Ren', is a reference to, the architect of. Tahiti Microsoft SharedView N/A A screen sharing tool which allows users to take over sessions and interact with remote desktops. No audio or conference facilities. Tahoe Sharepoint Portal Server 2001 Utopia Intended to be a user-friendly GUI Other codenames. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
(January 2016) Codename Preliminary name Final name Notes Ref Acropolis N/A Application framework for Smart Clients Aero Diamond N/A Used during the to describe a set of advanced user interface effects for the to be introduced after Vista's release Alexandria An online music store Argo A digital media player Atlanta N/A A that monitors deployments N/A An online content-authoring platform centered around the concept of distributed (OLE) and meant to be an alternative to HTML. The developer tools were originally released in beta and some titles were made available on before it was scrapped in favor of web development around and and the designer was refashioned into. Concur N/A Aims to: define higher-level abstractions (above 'threads and locks'); for today's imperative languages; that evenly support the range of concurrency granularities; to let developers write correct and efficient concurrent applications; with lots of latent parallelism; that can be efficiently mapped to the user's. Dallas N/A Aims to help discover, purchase and manage, premium data subscriptions in the Windows Azure platform Dorado HailStorm Collection of centered around the storage and retrieval of information. Cancelled before it could fully materialize.
Nature Meditation can be defined as a practice where an individual focuses their mind on a particular object, thought or activity to achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm state. Meditation may be used to reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and pain. It may be done while, repeating a, and closing the eyes in a quiet environment.
Meditation has been practiced since in numerous religious traditions and beliefs. Since the 19th century, it has spread from its origins to where it is commonly practiced in private and business life. Meditation is under, and research to define its possible health effects. Man Meditating in a Garden Setting The history of meditation is intimately bound up with the religious context within which it was practiced.
Some authors have even suggested the hypothesis that the emergence of the capacity for focused attention, an element of many methods of meditation, may have contributed to the latest phases of human biological evolution. Some of the earliest references to meditation are found in the of. Wilson translates the most famous Vedic mantra 'Gayatri' as: 'We meditate on that desirable light of the divine Savitri, who influences our pious rites' (Rigveda: Mandala-3, Sukta-62, Rcha-10).
Around the 6th to 5th centuries BCE, other forms of meditation developed via and in China as well as, and in and. In the west, by 20 BCE had written on some form of 'spiritual exercises' involving attention (prosoche) and concentration and by the 3rd century had developed meditative techniques. The, which dates to 1st century BCE considers meditation as a step towards liberation. By the time Buddhism was spreading in China, the which dates to 100 CE included a number of passages on meditation, clearly pointing to (known as in China, in Vietnam, and in Korea). The introduced meditation to other Asian countries, and in 653 the first meditation hall was opened in Singapore. Returning from China around 1227, wrote the instructions for.
The practice of had involved the repetition of the 99 Names of God since the 8th or 9th century. By the 12th century, the practice of Sufism included specific meditative techniques, and its followers practiced breathing controls and the repetition of holy words. Interactions with Indians, or the may have influenced the meditation approach to, but this can not be proved.
Between the 10th and 14th centuries, was developed, particularly on in Greece, and involves the repetition of the. Monk meditating in a waterfall setting meditation contrasts with most other approaches in that it does not involve the repetition of any phrase or action and requires no specific posture. Western progressed from the 6th century practice of Bible reading among monks called, i.e. Divine reading. Its four formal steps as a 'ladder' were defined by the monk in the 12th century with the Latin terms lectio, meditatio, oratio, and contemplatio (i.e. Read, ponder, pray, contemplate).
Western was further developed by saints such as and in the 16th century. Secular forms of meditation were introduced in India in the 1950s as a Westernized form of Hindu meditative techniques and arrived in Australia in the late 1950s and, the United States and Europe in the 1960s.
Rather than focusing on spiritual growth, secular meditation emphasizes stress reduction, relaxation and self-improvement. Both spiritual and secular forms of meditation have been subjects of scientific analyses. Began in 1931, with scientific research increasing dramatically during the 1970s and 1980s. Since the beginning of the '70s more than a thousand studies of meditation in English-language have been reported.
However, after 60 years of scientific study, the exact mechanism at work in meditation remains unclear. In meditative posture In, meditation has been a core spiritual practice, one that Jains believe people have undertaken since the teaching of the,. All the twenty-four Tirthankaras practiced deep meditation and attained enlightenment.
They are all shown in meditative postures in the images or idols. Practiced deep meditation for twelve years and attained. The dating to 500 BCE, addresses the meditation system of Jainism in detail. Of the 4th century BCE practiced deep Mahaprana meditation for twelve years.
Of 1st century BCE, opened new dimensions of meditation in Jain tradition through his books, Pravachansar and others. The 8th century Jain philosopher also contributed to the development of Jain yoga through his, which compares and analyzes various systems of yoga, including Hindu, Buddhist and Jain systems. Jain meditation and spiritual practices system were referred to as salvation-path. It has three important parts called the 'Three Jewels': right perception and faith, right knowledge and right conduct. Meditation in Jainism aims at realizing the self, attaining salvation, take the soul to complete freedom. It aims to reach and to remain in the pure state of soul which is believed to be pure consciousness, beyond any attachment or aversion.
The practitioner strives to be just a knower-seer (Gyata-Drashta). Jain meditation can be broadly categorized to Dharmya Dhyana and Shukla Dhyana. There exists a number of meditation techniques such as pindāstha-dhyāna, padāstha-dhyāna, rūpāstha-dhyāna, rūpātita-dhyāna, savīrya-dhyāna, etc. In padāstha dhyāna one focuses on.
A Mantra could be either a combination of core letters or words on deity or themes. There is a rich tradition of Mantra in Jainism. All Jain followers irrespective of their sect, whether or, practice mantra. Mantra chanting is an important part of daily lives of Jain monks and followers. Mantra chanting can be done either loudly or silently in mind. And Pranayama has been an important practice undertaken since ages.
Pranayama – breathing exercises – are performed to strengthen the five Pranas or vital energy. Yogasana and Pranayama balances the functioning of neuro-endocrine system of body and helps in achieving good physical, mental and emotional health. Contemplation is a very old and important meditation technique. The practitioner meditates deeply on subtle facts. In agnya vichāya, one contemplates on seven facts – life and non-life, the inflow, bondage, stoppage and removal of karmas, and the final accomplishment of liberation. In apaya vichāya, one contemplates on the incorrect insights one indulges, which eventually develops right insight.
In vipaka vichāya, one reflects on the eight causes or basic types of karma. In sansathan vichāya, one thinks about the vastness of the universe and the loneliness of the soul. Acharya formulated in the 1970s and presented a well-organised system of meditation. And Pranayama, meditation, contemplation, mantra and therapy are its integral parts. Numerous Preksha meditation centers came into existence around the world and numerous meditations camps are being organized to impart training in it.
Buddhism. Dynamic tranquility: the Buddha in. Buddhist meditation refers to the meditative practices associated with the religion and philosophy of. Core meditation techniques have been preserved in ancient and have proliferated and diversified through teacher-student transmissions.
Pursue meditation as part of the path toward and. The closest words for meditation in the classical languages of Buddhism are, jhāna/, and. Buddhist meditation techniques have become increasingly popular in the wider world, with many non-Buddhists taking them up for a variety of reasons.
There is considerable homogeneity across meditative practices – such as and various recollections ( ) – that are used across, as well as significant diversity. In the tradition alone, there are over fifty methods for developing mindfulness and forty for developing concentration, while in the tradition there are thousands of visualization meditations. Most classical and contemporary Buddhist meditation guides are school-specific. The Buddha is said to have identified two paramount mental qualities that arise from wholesome meditative practice:. 'serenity' or 'tranquility' (Pali: ) which steadies, composes, unifies and concentrates the mind;. 'insight' (Pali: ) which enables one to see, explore and discern 'formations' (conditioned phenomena based on the five ). According to Buddhist theory, through the meditative development of serenity, one is able to weaken the obscuring and bring the mind to a collected, pliant and still state.
This quality of mind then supports the development of insight and wisdom which is the quality of mind that can 'clearly see' ( vi-passana) the nature of phenomena. According to the Buddhist tradition, all phenomena are to be seen as, and. When this happens, one develops dispassion ( viraga) for all phenomena, including all negative qualities and hindrances and lets them go. It is through the release of the hindrances and ending of craving through the meditative development of insight that one gains liberation. In the, Buddhist meditation saw increasing popularity due to the influence of and the lay meditation based. The spread of Buddhist meditation to the paralleled the spread of. Buddhist meditation has also influenced Western Psychology, especially through the work of who founded the (MBSR) in 1979.
The modernized concept of mindfulness (based on the Buddhist term ) and related meditative practices has in turn led to several. Hinduism. Gather in 's and recite, a vocal meditation In, (meditation) and good deeds are both necessary to achieve the devotee's Spiritual goals; without good deeds meditation is futile.
When Sikhs meditate, they aim to feel 's presence and immerge in the divine light. It is only God's or order that allows a devotee to desire to begin to meditate. In the explains: Visits to temples, penance, compassion and charity gain you but a sesame seed of credit. It is hearkening to His, accepting and adoring Him that obtains emancipation by bathing in the shrine of soul.
All virtues are Yours, O Lord! I have none; Without good deeds one can't even meditate. Involves focusing one's attention on the names or great attributes of God. The practices of Simran and Nām Japnā encourage quiet internal meditation but may be practiced vocally in the (holy congregation).
Sikhs believe that there are ten 'gates' to the body, the nine visible holes (nostrils, eyes, ears, mouth, urethra, anus) and the tenth invisible hole. The tenth invisible hole is the topmost energy level and is called the tenth gate or Dasam Duaar.
When one reaches this stage through continuous practice meditation becomes a habit that continues whilst walking, talking, eating, awake and even sleeping. There is a distinct taste or flavour when a meditator reaches this lofty stage of meditation, and experiences absolute peace and tranquility inside and outside the body. Followers of the Sikh religion also believe that love comes through meditation on the lord's name since meditation only conjures up positive emotions in oneself which are portrayed through our actions. The first Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Nanak Dev Ji preached the equality of all humankind and stressed the importance of living a householder's life instead of wandering around jungles meditating, the latter of which being a popular practice at the time.
The Guru preached that we can obtain liberation from life and death by living a totally normal family life and by spreading love amongst every human being regardless of religion. In the Sikh religion, otherwise known as singing the hymns of God is seen as one of the most beneficial ways of aiding meditationand it too in some ways is believed to be a meditation of one kind. East-Asian religions Taoism. A collective meditation in As stated by the, a US government entity within the National Institutes of Health that advocates various forms of, 'Meditation may be practiced for many reasons, such as to increase calmness and physical relaxation, to improve psychological balance, to cope with illness, or to enhance overall health and well-being.' Sound-based meditation of conducted a series of clinical tests on meditators from various disciplines, including the and. In 1975, Benson published a book titled where he outlined his own version of meditation for relaxation. Also in the 1970s, the American psychologist Patricia Carrington developed a similar technique called Clinically Standardized Meditation (CSM).
In Norway, another sound-based method called Acem Meditation developed a psychology of meditation and has been the subject of several scientific studies. Has been used by many researchers since the 1950s in an effort to enter deeper states of mind. Abrahamic religions Judaism. Main articles:, and is a term for a form of prayer in which a structured attempt is made to get in touch with and deliberately reflect upon the revelations of. The word meditation comes from the Latin word meditari, which means to concentrate. Christian meditation is the process of deliberately focusing on specific thoughts (e.g. A scene involving and the ) and reflecting on their meaning in the context of the love of God.
The Rosary is a devotion for the meditation of the mysteries of Jesus and Mary. “The gentle repetition of its prayers makes it an excellent means to moving into deeper meditation. It gives us an opportunity to open ourselves to God’s word, to refine our interior gaze by turning our minds to the life of Christ.
The first principle is that meditation is learned through practice. Many people who practice rosary meditation begin very simply and gradually develop a more sophisticated meditation. The meditator learns to hear an interior voice, the voice of God”. Christian meditation contrasts with Eastern forms of meditation as radically as the portrayal of in the Bible contrasts with depictions of or in Indian teachings. Unlike Eastern meditations, most styles of Christian meditations do not rely on the repeated use of, and yet are also intended to stimulate thought and deepen meaning. Christian meditation aims to heighten the personal relationship based on the love of God that marks Christian communion. In, the warned of potential incompatibilities in mixing Christian and Eastern styles of meditation.
In 2003, in the announced that the 'Church avoids any concept that is close to those of the New Age'. Christian meditation is sometimes taken to mean the middle level in a broad three stage characterization of prayer: it then involves more reflection than first level vocal, but is more structured than the multiple layers of in Christianity. In, in 2007 the in the was founded by the. In and by the centre different kinds of are offered like for example with elements such as, moreover days of exercises of, prayer, meditation courses, -meditation courses, days of reflection, and Early studies on states of consciousness conducted by Roland Fischer found evidence of mystical experience description in the writings of. In her autobiography she describes that, at the peak of a praying experience '.
The soul neither hears nor sees nor feels. While it lasts, none of the senses perceives or knows what is taking place'. This corresponds to the fourth stage described by Saint Teresa, 'Devotion of Ecstasy', where the consciousness of being in the body disappears, as an effect of deep transcendent meditation in prayer. Main articles:, and Remembrance of God in Islam, which is known by the concept is interpreted in different meditative techniques in or Islamic mysticism. This became one of the essential elements of Sufism as it was systematized traditionally. It is juxtaposed with fikr (thinking) which leads to knowledge.
By the 12th century, the practice of Sufism included specific meditative techniques, and its followers practiced breathing controls and the repetition of holy words. Numerous place emphasis upon a meditative procedure which comes from the cognitive aspect to one of the two principal approaches to be found in the: that of the technique, involving high-intensity and sharply focused. In the Oveyssi-Shahmaghsoudi Sufi order, for example, this is particularly evident, where takes the form of tamarkoz, the latter being a term that means concentration. Meditative quiescence is said to have a quality of, and—in contemporary terminology—enhancing. Tafakkur or tadabbur in Sufism literally means reflection upon the: this is considered to permit access to a form of and development that can emanate only from the higher level, i.e.
The sensation of receiving awakens and liberates both and, permitting such inner growth that the apparently mundane actually takes on the quality of the. Muslim teachings embrace life as a test of one's submission to God. Is largely based on a spectrum of exercises, varying from one lineage to another. Such techniques, particularly the more audacious, can be, and often have been down the ages, a source of controversy among scholars.
One broad group of, followers of the great, for example, have in general been open to such techniques and forms of. In recent years, meditation or has been popularized in various parts of the world by Silsila Naqshbandia Mujaddadia under and under. Modern spirituality New Age. Main article: New Age meditations are often influenced by Eastern philosophy, mysticism, yoga, Hinduism and Buddhism, yet may contain some degree of Western influence.
In the West, meditation found its mainstream roots through the, when many of the rebelled against traditional religion as a reaction against what some perceived as the failure of Christianity to provide spiritual and ethical guidance. New Age meditation as practised by the early hippies is regarded for its techniques of blanking out the mind and releasing oneself from conscious thinking. This is often aided by repetitive chanting of a mantra, or focusing on an object. New Age meditation evolved into a range of purposes and practices, from serenity and balance to access to other realms of consciousness to the concentration of energy in group meditation to the supreme goal of, as in the ancient yogic practice of meditation. Pagan and occult religions Religions and religious movements which use magic, such as, etc., often require their adherents to meditate as a preliminary to the magical work.
This is because magic is often thought to require a particular state of mind in order to make contact with spirits, or because one has to visualize one's goal or otherwise keep intent focused for a long period during the ritual in order to see the desired outcome. Meditation practice in these religions usually revolves around visualization, absorbing energy from the universe or higher self, directing one's internal energy, and inducing various states. Meditation and magic practice often overlap in these religions as meditation is often seen as merely a stepping stone to supernatural power, and the meditation sessions may be peppered with various chants and spells. Western context Dissemination in the west Methods of meditation have been cross-culturally disseminated at various times throughout history, such as Buddhism going to East Asia, and going to many Islamic societies. Of special relevance to the modern world is the dissemination of meditative practices since the late 19th century, accompanying increased travel and communication among cultures worldwide.
Most prominent has been the transmission of numerous Asian-derived practices to the West. In addition, interest in some Western-based meditative practices has also been revived, and these have been disseminated to a limited extent to Asian countries. Also evident is some extent of influence over thinking through 's, although he states, 'I find that a meditation practitioner is often quite useless and that a contemplation practitioner is always insane'. Ideas about Eastern meditation had begun 'seeping into American popular culture even before the American Revolution through the various sects of European occult Christianity',: 3 and such ideas 'came pouring in to America during the era of the transcendentalists, especially between the 1840s and the 1880s.'
: 3 The following decades saw further spread of these ideas to America: The, held in Chicago in 1893, was the landmark event that increased Western awareness of meditation. This was the first time that Western audiences on American soil received Asian spiritual teachings from Asians themselves. founded various ashrams. Lectured at Harvard on Theravada Buddhist meditation in 1904. toured the US teaching the principles of Bahai, and toured in 1907 teaching Zen.: 4. Meditating in, More recently, in the 1960s, another surge in Western interest in meditative practices began.
Observers have suggested many types of explanations for this interest in Eastern meditation and revived Western contemplation., a founder of, wrote that 'the rush to the East is a symptom of what is lacking in the West. There is a deep spiritual hunger that is not being satisfied in the West.' : 31, a scholar of meditation, suggested that the shift in interest from 'established religions' to meditative practices 'is caused by the scarcity of the personal experience of these meditation-derived transcendental states – the living spirit at the common core of all religions.' : xxiv Another suggested contributing factor is the rise of communist political power in Asia, which 'set the stage for an influx of Asian spiritual teachers to the West',: 7 oftentimes as refugees. Western typologies Ornstein noted that 'Most techniques of meditation do not exist as solitary practices but are only artificially separable from an entire system of practice and belief.' : 143 This means that, for instance, while monks engage in meditation as a part of their everyday lives, they also engage the codified rules and live together in monasteries in specific cultural settings that go along with their meditative practices.
These meditative practices sometimes have similarities (often noticed by Westerners), for instance concentration on the breath is practiced in Zen, Tibetan and Theravadan contexts, and these similarities or 'typologies' are noted here. Progress on the 'intractable' problem of defining meditation was attempted by a recent study of views common to seven experts trained in diverse but empirically highly studied (clinical or Eastern-derived) forms of meditation. The study identified 'three main criteria. As essential to any meditation practice: the use of a defined technique, logic relaxation, and a self-induced state/mode. Other criteria deemed important but not essential involve a state of psychophysical relaxation, the use of a self-focus skill or anchor, the presence of a state of suspension of logical thought processes, a religious/spiritual/philosophical context, or a state of mental silence.' : 135 However, the study cautioned, 'It is plausible that meditation is best thought of as a natural category of techniques best captured by '.
Or by the related.' : 135 In modern psychological research, meditation has been defined and characterized in a variety of ways; many of these emphasize the role of. In the West, meditation is sometimes thought of in two broad categories: concentrative meditation and meditation.
These two categories are discussed in the following two paragraphs, with concentrative meditation being used interchangeably with focused attention and mindfulness meditation being used interchangeably with open monitoring: Direction of mental attention. A practitioner can focus intensively on one particular object (so-called concentrative meditation), on all mental events that enter the field of awareness (so-called mindfulness meditation), or both specific focal points and the field of awareness.: 130 One style, Focused Attention (FA) meditation, entails the voluntary focusing of attention on a chosen object, breathing, image, or words.
The other style, Open Monitoring (OM) meditation, involves non-reactive monitoring of the content of experience from moment to moment. Other typologies have also been proposed, and some techniques shift among major categories.
Evidence from studies suggests that the categories of meditation, defined by how they direct attention, appear to generate different brainwave patterns. Evidence also suggests that using different focus objects during meditation may generate different brainwave patterns. Meditation in the workplace It is estimated that around a quarter of US employers are using stress reduction initiatives and that the number is growing. Many large companies have introduced mindfulness programs to their employees. In 2010, healthcare benefits company developed, launched and studied two mindfulness programs, called Viniyoga Stress Reduction and Mindfulness at Work.
The goal was to help reduce stress and improve reactions to stress. Aetna now offers its program to its customers. Also implements mindfulness, offering more than a dozen meditation courses, with the most prominent one, 'Search Inside Yourself', having been implemented since 2007. Offers the Mindful Leadership Program Series, a course which uses a combination of mindfulness meditation, yoga and dialog with the intention of developing the mind's capacity to pay attention. The increasing amount of quantifiable research that mindfulness has on the brain and body is one of the major reasons why corporate mindfulness programs has become more prominent in the modern day business world.
Studies conducted by found that mindfulness meditation is associated with lower levels of activity in the (DMN), which is part of the brain network that is responsible for self-related thinking and mind wandering. Volume changes in key areas of the brain are also found as a result of meditation. In 2011, a team at found that mindfulness can actually change the structure of the brain after conducting an eight-week program (MBSR) on participants. The research found an increase in cortical thickness in the, which controls learning, memory and emotion regulation.
The research also found decreases in brain cell volume in the, which is responsible for fear, anxiety and stress. These changes were also aligned with the participant's self-reports of their stress levels. According to a study on and performance in organizations, the increase in corporate meditation programs can also be linked to a complex in the structure and system of organizations. The changes in management include a shift from an economic focus to a balance of profits, quality of life, spirituality and social responsibility concerns. For the past 300 years, the mechanical paradigm shaped the economy where the main corporate objectives were to satisfy shareholders by increasing competition and exploitation.
The new emerging business paradigm is called the 'Spiritual Movement' and moves away from a materialistic to a more spiritual orientation. In this new paradigm, a company's competitive advantage resides in how much it invests in its human capital and the qualities of its employees. The shift in business paradigm's can be explained by the fact that the business world is more competitive, globalized and fast-pace than ever. The boundaries between work and home are blurred, where work has become central to people's lives and employees can be connected to their work whenever. The increase in the importance of work has led to an increase in stress and. The workplace is a place where employees spend most of their lives, develop friendships, create value and make meaningful contributions to society. This means that they are looking for satisfaction beyond work.
According to a report on emerging cultures, the shift in paradigm can also be explained by American demographics. 'The American adult population is divided into three groups, each with a different set of values and view of the world.' The 'Cultural Creatives,' whom constitute 24% of US adults are the newest and increasingly growing worldview. 'Their values align with ecological sustainability, globalism, women's issues, social conscience, self-actualization and spirituality'. They reflect a major change that has been growing in American culture.
Nursing professionals work in a stressful environment. According to a report conducted at Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network (LVHHN), nurses are at high risk for chronic burnout and stress. The nurse's roles are regarded as stress-filled based upon physical labor, human suffering, work hours, staffing, and interpersonal relationships. Work stress and burnout are significant concerns on both an individualistic and an organizational level.
On an individualistic level, stress symptoms can contribute to health problems such as high blood pressure and diabetes. On an organizational level, work stress may lead to absenteeism and turnover, which impedes on the quality of care. According to a 2016 National Healthcare Retention & RN Staffing Report published by NSI Nursing Solutions, the national average turnover rate among nurses is 17.2%, a 0.8% increase from 2014. During the study, 27 nurses voluntarily participated in an 8-week-stress-reduction program called (MBSR).
Data analyses revealed that the MBSR program had significant benefits that could be categorized into two. “The early weeks of the training program conveyed that benefits were related to increased relaxation, slowing down, feeling a sense of peace, and learning to be in the present moment.'
Results in the late weeks of the training program were linked to self-acceptance, self-awareness and self-care. Employee turnover rate is a significant problem in many industries. According to a 2008 report, turnover rate among sales people has exceeded 40% annually with similar figures in the US. This is a disadvantage to businesses because replacing labor is extremely costly. The report studied the impact had on 166 financial service sales agents from a major British insurance company which had recently been acquired by a competitive, results-oriented organization.
Measurements were based on employee well-being, job satisfaction, productivity and turnover. Major organizational changes lead to a substantial number of employees quitting. Three months prior to the study, 71% of the participants reported experiencing work-related stress and performing poorly. According to the results, there were major improvement in employees', psychological distress, self-esteem, job satisfaction and intention to quit. Symptoms of psychological stress warranting intervention reduced from 37% of the sample to 10% after training. The psychological changes were also accompanied by a 66% reduction in employee turnover rate. Productivity had also improved post two years after training where 65% of the sample had achieved sales figures above the average.
This is a significant increase prior to training where 29% of participants were barely performing at acceptable standards. Forms of meditation Physical postures. Main article: Over the past 20 years, Mindfulness and mindfulness-based programs have become increasingly important to Westerners and in the Western medical and psychological community as a means of helping people, whether they be clinically sick or healthy., who founded the in 1979, has defined mindfulness as 'moment to moment non-judgmental awareness.' Several methods are used during time set aside specifically for mindfulness meditation, such as body scan techniques or letting thought arise and pass, and also during our daily lives, such as being aware of the taste and texture of the food that we eat. Some studies offer evidence that mindfulness practices are beneficial for the brain's self-regulation by increasing activity in the.
A shift from using the right is claimed to be associated with a trend away from depression and anxiety, and towards happiness, relaxation, and emotional balance. Was developed by American physician in the early 1920s.
In this practice one tenses and then relaxes muscle groups in a sequential pattern whilst concentrating on how they feel. The method has been seen to help people with many conditions, especially extreme anxiety. As a result of the popularity in participation of mindfulness, conferences such as Wisdom 2.0 have arisen. Mindfulness has entered the secular world in many ways, allowing it to reach many different groups of people. It has also been shown that mindfulness has resulted in increased antibody titers to the influenza vaccine. Mental silence Sahaja yoga meditation is regarded as a mental silence meditation, and has been shown to correlate with particular brain and brain wave activity.
Some studies have led to suggestions that Sahaja meditation involves 'switching off' irrelevant brain networks for the maintenance of focused internalized attention and inhibition of inappropriate information. Sahaja meditators scored above peer group for emotional well-being measures on ratings. Research on meditation. Main article: Research on the processes and effects of meditation is a subfield of research.
Modern scientific techniques, such as and, were used to observe neurological responses during meditation. Since the 1950s, hundreds of studies on meditation have been conducted, though the overall methological quality of meditation research is poor, yielding unreliable results. Since the 1970s, and have developed meditation techniques for numerous psychological conditions. Mindfulness practice is employed in psychology to alleviate mental and physical conditions, such as reducing, stress, and. Mindfulness is also used in the treatment of. Studies demonstrate that meditation has a moderate effect to reduce pain. There is insufficient evidence for any effect of meditation on positive mood, attention, eating habits, sleep, or body weight.
A 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of meditation on, and behaviors found that meditation practices had small to medium effects on self-reported and observable outcomes, concluding that such practices can 'improve positive prosocial emotions and behaviors'. Meditation, religion and drugs. See also: Many major traditions in which meditation is practiced, such as Buddhism and Hinduism, advise members not to consume, while others, such as the Rastafarian movements and Native American Church, view drugs as integral to their religious lifestyle. The fifth of the five precepts of the, the ethical code in the and traditions, states that adherents must: 'abstain from fermented and distilled beverages that cause heedlessness.' On the other hand, the ingestion of psychoactives has been a central feature in the rituals of many religions, in order to produce. In several traditional ceremonies, drugs are used as agents of ritual.
In the, is believed to be a gift from and a to be used regularly, while alcohol is considered to debase man. Native Americans use, as part of religious ceremony, continuing today. In India, the drink has a long history of use alongside prayer and sacrifice, and is mentioned in the.
During the 1960s and 70s, both eastern meditation traditions and psychedelics, such as, became popular in America, and it was suggested that LSD use and meditation were both means to the same spiritual/existential end. Many practitioners of eastern traditions rejected this idea, including many who had tried LSD themselves. In The Master Game, writes that the 'door to full consciousness' can be glimpsed with the aid of substances, but to 'pass beyond the door' requires yoga and meditation. Other authors, such as, believe that the relationship between religious experiences reached by way of meditation and through the use of psychedelic drugs deserves further exploration.
Prevalence of meditation The 2012 US National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (n = 34,525), found 8.0% of US adults used meditation, with lifetime and 12-month prevalence of meditation use of 5.2% and 4.1% respectively. In the 2007 survey meditation use among workers was 9.9% (up from 8.0% in 2002).
In popular culture. Austin, James H. (1999) Zen and the Brain: Toward an Understanding of Meditation and Consciousness, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999,., Khwaja Shamsuddin Azeemi (2005) Muraqaba: The Art and Science of Sufi Meditation. Houston: Plato, 2005,. Bennett-Goleman, T. (2001) Emotional Alchemy: How the Mind Can Heal the Heart, Harmony Books,. Benson, Herbert and Miriam Z.
(2000 1972). The Relaxation Response. Expanded Updated edition. Bond, Kenneth; Maria B.
Ospina; Nicola Hooton; Liza Bialy; Donna M. Dryden; Nina Buscemi; David Shannahoff-Khalsa; Jeffrey Dusek & Linda E. Carlson (2009). 'Defining a complex intervention: The development of demarcation criteria for 'meditation '. 1 (2): 129–137. (NB: Bond, Ospina et al., 2009, has substantial overlap with the full report by Ospina, Bond et al., 2007, listed below.
Ethics and World Politics Edited by Duncan Bell. Ideal for courses in international relations and political theory, Ethics and World Politics explores the ethical. Duncan bell boise idaho. Sojourners has the latest news and commentary on faith, politics, and culture. Formative years and education. John McCain was born on August 29, 1936, at Coco Solo. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. And the book edited by Duncan Bell. Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making. Undergraduate course Pol3.
Overlap includes the first 6 authors of this paper, and the equivalence of Table 3 on p. 134 in this paper with Table B1 on p. 281 in the full report). Craven JL (October 1989). 'Meditation and psychotherapy'.
Can J Psychiatry. 34 (7): 648–53. The meditative mind: The varieties of meditative experience. New York: Tarcher. Hanson, Rick; Mendius, Richard (2009), Buddha's Brain: The Practical Neuroscience of Happiness, Love, and Wisdom, New Harbinger Publications,. Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG. (1999) Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
New York: Guilford Press. Kutz I, Borysenko JZ, Benson H (January 1985).
'Meditation and psychotherapy: a rationale for the integration of dynamic psychotherapy, the relaxation response, and mindfulness meditation'. Am J Psychiatry.
142 (1): 1–8. Lutz, Antoine;; et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
101 (November 16): 16369–73. (2005) Psychedelic, Psychoactive and Addictive Drugs and States of Consciousness. In Mind-Altering Drugs: The Science of Subjective Experience, Chap. Mitch Earlywine, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. MirAhmadi, As Sayed Nurjan Healing Power of Sufi Meditation The Healing Power of Sufi Meditation Paperback: 180 pages Publisher: Islamic Supreme Council of America (June 30, 2005) Language: English.
Nirmalananda Giri, Swami (2007) In-depth study of the classical meditation method of the Bhagavad Gita, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, and the Upanishads. Ospina Maria B.; Kenneth Bond; Mohammad Karkhaneh; Lisa Tjosvold; Ben Vandermeer; Yuanyuan Liang; Liza Bialy; Nicola Hooton; Nina Buscemi; Donna M. Dryden; Terry P. Klassen (June 2007). Evidence Report / Technology Assessment (Full Report), prepared by the University of Alberta Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No.
(155): 1–263. Archived from (pdf) on 2009-02-25. Perez-De-Albeniz, Alberto; Holmes, Jeremy (2000).
'Meditation: Concepts, Effects And Uses In Therapy'. International Journal of Psychotherapy. 5 (1): 49–58. Saraydarian, Torkom (1976), The Science of Meditation, TSG Publishing Foundation,. Shalif, Ilan et al. (1989) (Tel-Aviv: Etext Archives, 2008).
Shapiro, Deane H. American Journal of Psychiatry.
American Psychiatric Association. 139 (3): 267–274. ; Reprinted as chapter 1 (pp. 5–10) in Shapiro, Deane H.; (1984). New York: Aldine.
(the book was republished in 2008:, ). Shapiro DH (1992). 'Adverse effects of meditation: a preliminary investigation of long-term meditators'. Int J Psychosom. 39 (1–4): 62–7. Shear, Jonathan, ed. Paul, MN: Paragon House.,.
Smith, Fritz Frederick (1986): Inner Bridges: A Guide to Energy Movement and Body Structure, Humanics Ltd. Altered States of Consciousness (1969). (1973) Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism, Shambhala South Asia Editions, Boston, Massachusetts. (1984) Shambhala: The Sacred Path of the Warrior, Boston, Massachusetts.
Erhard Vogel. (2001) Journey Into Your Center, Nataraja Publications,.
Wenner, Melinda. 'Brain Scans Reveal Why Meditation Works.' 30 June 2007.
Further reading., Mindfulness Bliss and Beyond. Meditation & The References From Various Religions -.
(1995).: Sheriar Foundation. Cooper, David. The Art of Meditation: A Complete Guide. New edition:. The Mantram Handbook. Glickman, Marshall (2002) Beyond the Breath: Extraordinary Mindfulness Through Whole-Body Vipassana.
Meditation Now: Inner Peace through Inner Wisdom,. Hart, William. Art of Living, Vipassana Meditation,. This Light in Oneself: True Meditation, 1999,.
Heller, Rick. Secular Meditation: 32 Practices for Cultivating Inner Peace, Compassion, and Joy — A Guide from the Humanist Community at Harvard, 2015, New World Library. Levin, Michal.
Meditation, Path to the Deepest Self, 2002. Meditation: A Foundation Course — A Book of Ten Lessons. Meiche, Michele. Meditation for Everyday Living. Monaghan, Patricia and Eleanor G. Meditation: The Complete Guide.
Oldstone-Moore, Jennifer., Duncan Baird, 2003. Happy For No Good Reason, Shaktipat Press, 2004.
Yoga for Modern life. External links.